Researchers Develop Self-Assembled Bilayer Film to Improve Perovskite Solar Cell Stability
In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) technologies have gained widespread adoption as part of the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While most solar cells today are made from silicon, alternative materials are emerging as viable options for developing more efficient and affordable PV solutions.
Perovskites are one such material, offering the potential to create cost-effective solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies. However, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) face challenges, including lower stability compared to silicon-based cells. Their performance tends to degrade at high temperatures or under fluctuating environmental conditions.
A major contributor to the degradation of PSCs is the use of hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These molecular films help attract positive charge carriers but often fail to adhere well to the surface of the cells, leading to thermal instability.
To address these issues, researchers from Xi'an Jiaotong University, Uppsala University, and other institutions have developed a self-assembled bilayer film designed to overcome the limitations of traditional SAMs. Their findings, published in Nature Energy, demonstrate that the new bilayer molecular film offers better adhesion to PSCs, improving their thermal stability and overall performance.
"The adoption of PSCs requires enhanced resistance to high temperatures and temperature variations," explained Bitao Dong, Mingyang Wei, and their colleagues. "Hole-selective SAMs have advanced the performance of inverted PSCs but may compromise temperature stability due to desorption and weak interfacial contact. We have created a self-assembled bilayer by covalently bonding a phosphonic acid SAM with a triphenylamine upper layer."
The new bilayer design adds a layer of triphenylamine, an organic compound, to a conventional phosphonic acid-based SAM. This upper layer forms covalent bonds with the SAM, creating a polymerized network that resists thermal degradation. According to the researchers, this network remains stable at temperatures up to 100°C for over 200 hours and improves adhesion energy by 1.7 times compared to the SAM-perovskite interface.
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Through a series of tests, the team confirmed that the self-assembled bilayer adhered better to perovskite surfaces than typical mono-layer SAMs. The approach used to produce the bilayer is versatile and can be applied to a variety of SAM-forming molecules and alkylating agents.
The researchers also applied the bilayer to inverted PSCs and found promising results. The film enhanced power-conversion efficiencies and limited the cells' loss of efficiency over time, significantly improving their stability at high temperatures. "We reported power conversion efficiencies exceeding 26% for inverted PSCs," the researchers stated. "The champion devices showed less than 4% and 3% efficiency loss after 2,000 hours of damp heat exposure (85°C and 85% relative humidity) and over 1,200 thermal cycles between -40°C and 85°C, respectively."
The self-assembled bilayer approach developed in this study has the potential to be applied to improve the stability of other PSCs in the future, helping to advance perovskite-based photovoltaics and promoting their broader adoption.